doi: 10.56294/saludcyt2023533

 

ORIGINAL

 

Fear of the pandemic of the new variant of COVID-19 in the population of the Puente Piedra district in North Lima

 

Miedo ante la pandemia de la nueva variante de COVID-19 en la población del distrito de Puente Piedra en Lima Norte

 

Yrene Uribe-Hernandez1  *, Brian Meneses-Claudio2  *, Ann Chaname-Marin3  *, Juan Saberbein-Muñoz3  *, Maria Salinas-Cruz4  *, Teresa Quesada-Aramburu3  *

 

1Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Facultad de Negocios. Lima, Perú.

2Universidad Científica del Sur, SISELEC. Lima, Perú.

3Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Facultad de Tecnología. Lima, Perú.

4Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Facultad de Pedagogía y Cultura Física. Lima, Perú.

 

Cite as: Uribe-Hernandez Y, Meneses-Claudio B, Saberbein-Muñoz J, Salinas-Cruz M, Quesada-Aramburu T. Miedo ante la pandemia de la nueva variante de COVID-19 en la población del distrito de Puente Piedra en Lima Norte. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología 2023;3:533. https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2023533.

 

Submitted: 05-06-2023                       Revised: 21-08-2023                                       Accepted: 28-10-2023                       Published: 29-10-2023

 

Editor: Dr. William Castillo-González

 

ABSTRACT

 

Introduction: fear is one of the perceptions that respond to how vulnerable a person is to a situation of risk of contagion by COVID-19 and compromises their well-being, so its research objective is to determine the fear of pandemic due to the new variant of COVID - 19 in the population of the Puente Piedra district in North Lima.

Methods: it is a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with a total population of 577 participants, who answered a virtual survey with sociodemographic data and the COVID-19 fear scale.

Results: in its results, we observe that in the population of the district of Puente Piedra, 82 (14,2 %) presents a low effect on fear of COVID - 19, 260 (45,1 %) a moderate effect on fear of COVID - 19 and 235 (40,7 %) a high effect on fear of COVID – 19.

Conclusions: therefore, it is concluded that the negative emotional charge due to the fear of COVID - 19 considerably affects the mental health of the population.

 

Keywords: Fear; Coronavirus; Covid–19; Pandemic; Effect Of Fear.

 

RESUMEN

 

Introducción: el miedo es una de las percepciones que responden a qué tan vulnerable es una persona ante una situación de riesgo de contagio por COVID-19 y compromete su bienestar, por lo que su objetivo de investigación es determinar el miedo a pandemia por la nueva variante de COVID - 19 en la población del distrito de Puente Piedra en Lima Norte.

Métodos: es un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, descriptivo, transversal, con una población total de 577 participantes, quienes respondieron una encuesta virtual con datos sociodemográficos y la escala de miedo al COVID-19.

Resultados: en sus resultados, observamos que, en la población del distrito de Puente Piedra, 82 (14,2 %) presenta un efecto bajo en el miedo al COVID - 19, 260 (45,1 %) un efecto moderado en el miedo al COVID - 19 y 235 (40,7 %) un efecto alto en el miedo al COVID - 19.

Conclusiones: por tanto, se concluye que la carga emocional negativa debida al miedo al COVID - 19 afecta considerablemente a la salud mental de la población.

 

Palabras clave: Miedo; Coronavirus; Covid-19; Pandemia; Efecto Del Miedo.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Worldwide, when the first outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID - 19) was reported, there was concern and fear due to the alarming number of infections generated by COVID - 19, and that consequently affected almost all countries, mainly developing countries.(1)

Fear is one of the predictors of an adaptation response to a risk situation, although it is true, the COVID-19 pandemic,(2) has generated a high index of fear due to excessive infections, deaths and chaos in the population,(3) this affects people's mental health because the real threat from COVID - 19 can generate consequences that harm mental health.(4,5)

Although, the fear to be infected is also increasingly susceptible in people,(6) since the relationship of contagion and fear increases every day due to the fact that people have unstable mental health,(7) where the mental load they have does not apt to be able to adapt to the new reality due to the pandemic.(8)

Likewise, not only is it enough to present fear to know that the population has unstable health,(9) factors such as anxiety, stress, depression, mood swings and sadness have been seen,(10) they are generators of mental instability in times pandemic due to COVID – 19,(11) and due to the new variants of COVID - 19 worldwide, has generated instability at a social and personal level in the population,(12,13) since the fear is even more serious than what was seen last year 14, because now the numbers of infections are higher and they occur in younger people today.(15,16)

COVID-19 has currently generated a negative impact on the population's coping behaviors to cope with the pandemic,(17) and therefore, the population cannot recover psychologically from it, generating even more mental problems.(18) For this reason, the consequences generated by COVID - 19 in people's mental health will become more noticeable in the long term when people can go back to their activities.(19)

In the study carried out in Israel,(20) with the participation of 649 people, they interpreted in their research that gender was significantly associated with fear of COVID - 19 and the female sex was the one that presented higher rates of fear than the male sex, represented in the factors of emotional fear and symptomatic expressions of fear of COVID - 19.

In a study carried out in Japan,(21) 6750 participants in the study from the adolescent stage to the elderly stage, they observed that in relation to the factors of emotional fear and symptomatic expressions of fear of COVID-19, where the level fear was higher in women and older adults, and the population of women, children, adolescents, the elderly and the poor with pre-existing psychological morbidity, tend to be more vulnerable at a psychological level due to COVID-19.

In a study carried out in Spain,(22) in 606 university participants in the study, they interpreted that university students had fear of COVID - 19 but it was not highly high, because the isolation and quarantine measure has been effective in university students, because being at home with the family generates greater security and protection that reduces fear.

Therefore, the objective of this research work is to determine the fear of the pandemic due to the new variant of COVID-19 in the population of the Puente Piedra district in North Lima.

Therefore, its research hypothesis is that COVID-19 considerably affects the mental health of the population, generating fear in themselves.

 

METHODS

Type of Research

In the present reseach, due to its properties and the way of collecting data according to the present variables, it is a quantitative approach, with a descriptive, non-experimental and cross-sectional methodological design.(23)

 

Population

The population is made up of 577 participants in total belonging to the Puente Piedra district.

According to the study, the survey was conducted census, with a sampling bias of voluntary response of pregnant women, since the type of sampling in the research was for convenience.

 

Inclusion criteria

·       Participants residing in the Puente Piedra district.

·       Participants ranging from the age of 18 onwards.

·       Participants who voluntarily agree to participate in the study.

·       Participants who signed the inform consent CIE IPSF 002-2023. It was previously accepted by the institution.

 

Exclusion Criteria

·       Participants who do not reside in the district of Puente Piedra

·       Participants who are minors

·       Participants who have not signed the informed consent.

 

Technique and instrument

A virtual survey was conducted in the Google form, in which the data instrument Fear of COVID - 19 Scale (FCV - 19S) was written.

For the data collection, it has been structured in 2 blocks: 1. Sociodemographic data such as age, sex, marital status, level of education, occupation; 2. FCV - 19S that comprises 7 items in which it presents a one-dimensional dimension, in which it is valued with a Likert-type scale with 5 response options: "1 = Totally disagree", "2 = Disagree", "3 = neither agree nor disagree ”,“ 4 = agree ”and“ 5 = Totally agree ”, obtaining a total score by adding all the items, so the score would range from 7 to 35 points, where "7 to 16" is a low effect of fear of COVID - 19," 17 to 26 "is a moderate effect of fear of COVID - 19" and "27 to 35" is a high effect of fear of COVID - 19, the higher the score the higher it will be the effect of fear about COVID-19 in the population of the Puente Piedra district in North Lima.(24,25)

The validity of the instrument to measure fear of COVID-19 was determined based on the exploratory factor analysis technique. The Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin sample adequacy measure obtained a coefficient of 0,825 (KMO> 0,5), while the Bartlett sphericity test obtained significant results (X2 approx. = 4128,250; gl = 21; p = 0,000).

The reliability of the instrument was determined based on Cronbach's Alpha statistical test, for all the items (i = 7), resulting in a coefficient of 0,923 (α> 0,8).

 

Place and application of the instrument

The survey was conducted virtually through the Google form which will measure the fear of the pandemic due to the new variant of COVID - 19 in the population of the Puente Piedra district in North Lima.

First, it coordinated with the heads of family of each household to be able to conduct the questionnaires to obtain data for the research, in addition to providing them with the corresponding details about the study.

After conducting the virtual surveys, the support of the study population gave us considerable benefit and satisfaction at the time of making the database since they collaborated in the study.

 

RESULTS

Below is a summary table of the surveys conducted following the guidelines corresponding to the research work:

 

Figure 1. Fear of the pandemic due to the new variant of COVID - 19 in the population of the Puente Piedra district in North Lima

 

In figure 1, it observes that in the population of the Puente Piedra district, 82 (14,2 %) present a low effect on fear of COVID - 19, 260 (45,1 %) a moderate effect on fear of COVID - 19 and 235 (40,7 %) a high effect on fear of COVID - 19.

 

Figure 2. Fear of the pandemic due to the new variant of COVID - 19 in relation to sex in the population of the Puente Piedra district in North Lima

 

In figure 2, it can see that the fear of COVID - 19 in the population of Puente Piedra district, the female sex presents a higher effect on fear of COVID - 19, where 149 (53 %) have a high effect on fear of COVID - 19 than males 86 (29,1 %) and males have a moderate effect on fear of COVID - 19, where 159 (53,7 %) have a moderate effect of fear of COVID - 19 than those of female gender 101 (35,9 %), and a low effect on fear of COVID - 19 51 (17,2) of the male sex and 31 (11 %) of the female sex.

 

Table 1. Fear of the pandemic due to the new variant of COVID - 19 in relation to civil status in the population of the Puente Piedra district

 

Marital Status

Total

Single

Married

Cohabiting

Divorced

Widowed

Fear of COVID - 19

Low effect on fear of COVID - 19

Count

43

3

34

0

2

82

% within Fear of COVID - 19

52,4 %

3,7 %

41,5 %

0,0 %

2,4 %

100,0 %

Moderate effect on fear of COVID - 19

Count

60

20

177

0

3

260

% within Fear of COVID - 19

23,1 %

7,7 %

68,1 %

0,0 %

1,2 %

100,0 %

High effect on fear of COVID - 19

Count

73

18

142

1

1

235

% within Fear of COVID - 19

31,1 %

7,7 %

60,4 %

0,4 %

0,4 %

100,0 %

Total

Count

176

41

353

1

6

577

% within Fear of COVID - 19

30,5 %

7,1 %

61,2 %

0,2 %

1,0 %

100,0 %

Chi-square tests

 

Value

df

Asymptotic significance (bilateral)

Pearson's Chi-square

30,398a

8

0,000

Likelihood ratio

29,572

8

0,000

Linear by linear association

2,458

1

0,117

N° of valid cases

577

 

 

a. 6 cells (40,0 %) have expected a count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 14.

 

Table 1 shows the fear of the pandemic due to the new variant of COVID-19 and the civil status of the population of the Puente Piedra district, in which it was determined with the Pearson chi-square test (X2). The level of significance of the test obtained a value of 0,14 (p> 0,05) (X2 = 30,398; d.f = 8). Therefore, a hypothesis of association between both variables is not rejected.

Therefore, we can interpret that in the single population present a low effect on fear of COVID - 19 43 (52,4 %), while the cohabiting population has a moderate effect of fear of COVID - 19 177 (68,1 %) and the cohabiting population has a high effect on fear of COVID - 19 142 (60,4 %).

 

Table 2. Fear of the pandemic due to the new variant of COVID - 19 in relation to civil status in the population of the Puente Piedra district

 

Occupancy

Total

Stable

Eventual

No occupation

Student

Fear of COVID - 19

Low effect on fear of COVID - 19

Count

12

52

17

1

82

% within Fear of COVID - 19

14,6 %

63,4 %

20,7 %

1,2 %

100,0 %

Moderate effect on fear of COVID - 19

Count

48

149

50

13

260

% within Fear of COVID - 19

18,5 %

57,3 %

19,2 %

5,0 %

100,0 %

High effect on fear of COVID - 19

Count

121

49

65

0

235

% within Fear of COVID - 19

51,5 %

20,9 %

27,7 %

0,0 %

100,0 %

Total

Count

181

250

132

14

577

% within Fear of COVID - 19

31,4 %

43,3 %

22,9 %

2,4 %

100,0 %

Chi-square tests

 

Value

df

Asymptotic significance (bilateral)

Pearson's Chi-square

115,540a

6

,000

Likelihood ratio

123,397

6

,000

Linear by linear association

18,334

1

,000

N° of valid cases

577

 

 

a. 1 cells (8,3 %) have expected a count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1,99.

 

Table 2 shows the fear of the pandemic due to the new variant of COVID-19 and the occupation of the population of the Puente Piedra district, in which it was determined with the Pearson chi-square test (X2). The level of significance of the test obtained a value of 1,99 (p> 0,05) (X2 = 115,540; d.f = 6). Therefore, a hypothesis of association between both variables is not rejected. Therefore, we can interpret that the population with eventual occupation presents a low effect of fear of COVID - 19 52 (63,4 %) and present a moderate effect of fear of COVID - 19 149 (57,3 %), and the population with stable occupations have a high effect on fear of COVID - 19 121 (51,5 %).

 

DISCUSSION

The study has been carried out from a prevention perspective towards mental health in the population, in which it seeks to develop strategies that allow the population to face dangerous situations that compromise their mental health, and allow them to cope with this situation in the news about the pandemic of the new variant of COVID -19 in our country.(26)

In the results regarding the fear of COVID - 19, it is observed that the population of the Puente Piendra district has a high effect on fear of COVID - 19, this is due to the fact that the new variant of COVID - 19 has generated a shock in the country, where the feeling of fear has been seen considerably, and highly affects people's mental health, due to factors such as the increase in positive cases of COVID-19 due to the new variant, the alarming level of contagion in the population and in addition to the fact that the number of deaths is increasing every time. Kirby(17) argue that the mental burden that people have due to the new variant of COVID-19 is increasingly alarming, factors such as fear, worry, despair and anguish, predispose people even more to an impact negative that not only compromises their mental health, but also their ability to adapt to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In the results in relation to sex, we observe that the female sex is the one that presents a higher effect on fear of COVID-19 than the male sex, this is interpreted that the female sex is very susceptible to presenting feelings of fear generated by the pandemic, although it is also generated because one of the members of their family is infected by COVID-19, and because of this, they have to find a way to get a bed in some hospital where the high demand for cases makes it impossible to get a bed for treatment, in addition to the supply of oxygen, due to the long queues that are made to obtain an oxygen balloon to keep it stable while it continues its treatment, all this makes mental health is seriously compromised. Tzur D et al.(20) argue that the psycho-emotional level is highly compromised in the female sex and due to this, it presents factors such as anguish, hopelessness, sadness, worry and these are causing them to generate fear at an emotional level in themselves making its recovery difficult in its mental well-being. Midorikawa H et  al.(21) argue that the female sex is the most vulnerable at the mental level, because it is not able to cope with the consequences generated by COVID-19 and therefore, the feeling of fear is made every time more noticeable because it cannot cope adequately.

This problem that is seen in the country by the new variant of COVID - 19 has been hard both in our health system and in the population, therefore, more infections are seen in health professionals, and many of them due to COVID - 19 have died, because the implementation of prevention for the care of COVID - 19 patients is increasingly scarce.(27)

Therefore, in its hypothesis, we can confirm that the results in the study in relation to the fear of COVID-19 considerably affects mental health that depended on sex, where the female sex was the one that was most compromised.(28)

Therefore, during the process of data collection and the constant monitoring of the inhabitants given to their results, it is very important to bear in mind that the mental health problem that has been generated by the fear arising during the COVID-19 pandemic increased to levels considered in our study, since many of the people who during the pandemic.(29)  They have not been able to develop psycho-emotional skills and be resilient to be able to cope with this disease, given different factors, contagion itself or the contagion of their relatives, the economic shortage and basic foods, makes them unable to cope with this disease with a balanced mental health.

This research work will be beneficial for future studies, since the study focuses during the COVID-19 pandemic and how the fear of this disease affects people's mental health, given that this situation of fear during this pandemic has given us great importance, because it allows us to know the different vulnerabilities of people when exposed to a contagious disease and that can spread quickly. to any person during the time the disease remained;(30) That is why, in comparison to our history of studying the same subject in different countries, it has given an exhaustive comparison that, given the situation of social, economic or educational vulnerability in our country, has given us the necessary information about how vulnerable the person is to serious situations that compromise their health and that of their family.

 

CONCLUSIONS

It is concluded that the negative emotional burden due to the fear of COVID-19 considerably affects the mental health of the population, so strategies are sought to maintain or improve people's mental health through cellphone or virtual care provided by health professionals.

It is concluded to make health strategies that allow maintaining or improving the adaptation capacity of people to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic.

It is concluded that sex, marital status, type of quarantine and the history of positive relatives for COVID - 19 are the main determinants of fear that is related to COVID - 19.

This study will be beneficial for future studies since it details important data about the data collection instrument that details important points about the fear of COVID - 19, in which it will allow more studies to be conducted in our country.

The limitation in our study is that the participants, at the time of information collection could not be carried out on certain days; Since they worked or were not at home in addition, for the follow-up in home visits it was a bit difficult, since the heads of families mostly agreed to be able to continue with the collection of data.

 

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FINANCING

The authors did not receive financing for the development of this research.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

 

AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: Yrene Uribe-Hernandez, Brian Meneses-Claudio, Juan Saberbein-Muñoz, Maria Salinas-Cruz, Teresa Quesada-Aramburu.

Data curation: Yrene Uribe-Hernandez, Brian Meneses-Claudio, Juan Saberbein-Muñoz, Maria Salinas-Cruz, Teresa Quesada-Aramburu.

Formal analysis: Teresa Quesada-Aramburu, Yrene Uribe-Hernandez.

Acquisition of funds: Juan Saberbein-Muñoz, Maria Salinas-Cruz.

Research: Juan Saberbein-Muñoz, Maria Salinas-Cruz.

Methodology: Yrene Uribe-Hernandez, Brian Meneses-Claudio, Juan Saberbein-Muñoz, Maria Salinas-Cruz, Teresa Quesada-Aramburu.

Project management: Juan Saberbein-Muñoz, Maria Salinas-Cruz.

Resources: Yrene Uribe-Hernandez, Brian Meneses-Claudio.

Software: Yrene Uribe-Hernandez, Brian Meneses-Claudio.

Supervision: Brian Meneses-Claudio.

Validation: Brian Meneses-Claudio.

Display: Teresa Quesada-Aramburu.

Drafting - original draft: Teresa Quesada-Aramburu.

Writing - proofreading and editing: Yrene Uribe-Hernandez, Brian Meneses-Claudio.