Efectos de la actividad física sobre el envejecimiento cerebral saludable. Revisión sistemática

Claudio Martín-Barra; Carlos Rojas-Zepeda; Fabiola Sáez-Delgado

doi:10.56294/saludcyt2023415

Autores/as

Claudio San Martín-Barra Universidad de Concepción, Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Concepción, Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0458-8676
Carlos Rojas-Zepeda Universidad del Bío-Bío, Departamento de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación en Salud, Concepción, Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2889-3982
Fabiola Sáez-Delgado Universidad Católica de la Santísima de Concepción, Concepción, Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7993-5356

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56294/saludcyt2023415

Palabras clave:

Actividad física, Persona mayor, Envejecimiento saludable, Cerebro, Cognición

Resumen

Introducción: Aunque existe consenso en que la actividad física desempeña un papel fundamental en el envejecimiento exitoso, es necesario investigar el impacto real que tiene en el cerebro.
Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es identificar los efectos de la actividad física en el envejecimiento cerebral saludable, analizando los cambios estructurales y/o funcionales que puede generar en el cerebro. Además, se pretende determinar si la participación regular en actividad física a lo largo de toda la vida es un factor predictivo de un envejecimiento cerebral saludable.
Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática en tres bases de datos: Web of Science, Scopus y PubMed, siguiendo las directrices PRISMA-P. Se incluyeron artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2023. Se consideraron estudios experimentales, cuasi-experimentales, ensayos clínicos y estudios de cohorte.
Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 63 artículos, de los cuales se incluyeron 17 en el análisis. De estos, 14 informaron sobre efectos significativos de la actividad física en el envejecimiento cerebral saludable, de los cuales 11 evidenciaron beneficios estructurales, 2 funcionales y 1 mixto. Además, 13 artículos demostraron que participar en actividad física a lo largo de la vida favorece el envejecimiento cognitivo.
Conclusiones: El desarrollo de actividad física a lo largo de toda la vida conlleva beneficios estructurales y/o funcionales en el cerebro durante la vejez, los cuales se relacionan con un mejor rendimiento cognitivo. Además, se sugiere que la participación regular en actividad física puede ser un factor predictivo de un envejecimiento cerebral saludable. Sin embargo, persiste la controversia en cuanto al tipo, duración e intensidad de la actividad física que reúne las condiciones necesarias para promover un envejecimiento cognitivo óptimo y que pueda ser utilizada como medida estándar para la promoción de un envejecimiento cerebral saludable.

Métricas

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